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চমৎকার ✨ আপনি একটা রিসার্চ জার্নাল/আর্টিকেল চান, শিরোনাম হবে প্রায় এরকমঃ “Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) Regarding Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) of Cattle and Seroprevalence Studies for Better Immunization” নিচে আমি একটা আন্তর্জাতিক মানের জার্নাল আর্টিকেল ফরমেট অনুযায়ী পূর্ণ ড্রাফট সাজিয়ে দিলাম: --- 📖 Sample Journal Article Title Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) Regarding Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) of Cattle and Seroprevalence Studies for Better Immunization Authors [Your Name]¹, [Co-Author Name]² ¹Department of Veterinary Medicine, [Your University], [Your Country] ²Department of Animal Science, [Collaborating Institute], [Country] Corresponding Author: [your email] --- Abstract Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an emerging viral disease of cattle with significant economic impact on livestock production. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of cattle owners regarding LSD, along with seroprevalence data, to evaluate immunization strategies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 cattle owners and blood samples were collected from 500 animals. Findings revealed that 68% of farmers had moderate knowledge, 74% showed a positive attitude towards vaccination, but only 42% practiced regular immunization. Seroprevalence was found to be 36%, indicating circulating infection despite vaccination campaigns. The study highlights the importance of community awareness, strengthening vaccination coverage, and designing targeted extension programs to achieve better disease control. Keywords: Lumpy Skin Disease, Cattle, KAP Study, Seroprevalence, Immunization --- 1. Introduction Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), caused by the Capripoxvirus, has become a major transboundary disease of cattle. The disease leads to reduced milk yield, infertility, hide damage, and mortality, causing significant economic loss. Although vaccination campaigns are conducted, recurrent outbreaks suggest gaps in immunization coverage and farmers’ compliance. KAP studies are widely used to understand farmers’ awareness and practices related to disease prevention (WHO, 2008). Seroprevalence surveys further provide epidemiological insights into vaccination efficacy and natural infection exposure. Therefore, this study combines KAP assessment with serological evidence to provide a comprehensive understanding of LSD control measures. --- 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area and Design The study was carried out in [District/Region, Country] from [Month-Year to Month-Year]. A cross-sectional design was adopted. 2.2 KAP Survey Sample Size: 300 cattle owners randomly selected. Questionnaire: Structured, covering knowledge (cause, transmission, signs), attitude (towards vaccination, reporting), and practices (isolation, vaccination frequency, veterinary consultation). 2.3 Seroprevalence Study Sample Size: 500 cattle blood samples. Method: ELISA test for LSD antibodies. Analysis: Seroprevalence calculated as positive samples ÷ total samples × 100. 2.4 Data Analysis Descriptive statistics used for KAP scores. Chi-square test applied to assess association between KAP and socio-economic factors. Seroprevalence compared between vaccinated vs non-vaccinated animals. --- 3. Results 3.1 KAP Findings Knowledge: 68% of respondents had moderate knowledge of LSD; only 24% correctly identified vector-borne transmission. Attitude: 74% supported vaccination programs; 62% expressed willingness to pay for vaccines. Practices: Only 42% vaccinated regularly; 28% isolated sick animals; 15% used vector control measures. 3.2 Seroprevalence Results Out of 500 samples, 180 tested positive (36%). Among vaccinated cattle, 22% still showed antibodies suggestive of exposure, while non-vaccinated cattle showed 48% positivity. 3.3 Table: KAP and Seroprevalence Summary Parameter Percentage (%) Adequate Knowledge 32 Positive Attitude 74 Good Practices 42 Seroprevalence 36 --- 4. Discussion The study revealed gaps between knowledge, attitude, and actual practices of farmers. Despite positive attitudes towards vaccination, poor practices indicate logistical challenges, lack of access, and misinformation. The 36% seroprevalence suggests continuous circulation of the virus even in vaccinated populations, consistent with findings in other endemic countries (Tuppurainen et al., 2017). Improved vaccination strategies, cold-chain management, farmer education, and integrated vector control are recommended. KAP results suggest that awareness campaigns and subsidies could improve participation in vaccination programs. --- 5. Conclusion LSD continues to threaten cattle health and livelihoods. Strengthening immunization strategies, farmer education, and regular monitoring of seroprevalence are essential for sustainable control. A One Health approach involving farmers, veterinarians, and policymakers will be critical in reducing the burden of LSD. --- References WHO. (2008). Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization for TB Control: A Guide to Developing Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Surveys. Geneva: World Health Organization. Tuppurainen, E. S. M., et al. (2017). Lumpy skin disease: current situation in Europe and neighbouring regions and necessary control measures to halt the spread in South-East Europe. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64(5), 1210–1219. ---

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Sep 26, 2025

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